In unspecific, all diseases of the epidermis can be divided into diverse plain-spoken groups:
Pyoderma - a pustular infirmity caused by way of pyogenic bacteria (staphylococcus, streptococcus, etc.). Pyoderma is the most common diseases of the skin of any mature group. These catalogue folliculitis, sycosis vulgaris, furunculosis, carbuncles, hydradenitis, impetigo, and diverse others.
Fungal infections - fungal diseases caused via pathogenic fungi: pityriasis versicolor, epidermatofitiya groin, epidermatofitiya a close trichophytia, rubrofitiya, candidiasis, blastomycosis, etc.
Viral dermatoses caused past divergent viruses: herpes simplex and herpes, warts, molluscum contagiosum.
Chronic communicable diseases: tuberculosis of the skin, leprosy, Lyme disease.
Parasitic diseases - a really customary collection of strip diseases caused alongside different pathogens: mites - mange, demodicosis, lice - lice, leishmania - leishmaniasis of the skin.
Allergic - a league of incrustation diseases caused by an allergic fleece repulsion to something. These take in allergic dermatitis, toxicoderma, eczema, urticaria.
Neyrodermatozy - diseases caused principally before changes in the apprehensive practice: itchy flay, atopic dermatitis, prurigo.
Psoriasis - the most stock inveterate skin plague that affects as nails and joints. The following types of psoriasis: an ordinary, exudative, seborrheic, palmoplantar, pustular,
Basal Cell Carcinoma, arthropathic, erythrodermic psoriasis.
Circumlocutory connective accumulation affliction characterized via lesions of connective chain take in lupus erythematosus, scleroderma and dermatomyositis.
Autoimmune bullous dermatosis - a disorder, the particular or main morphological peculiarity of which is the boil: pemphigus, bullous pemphigoid, dermatitis herpetiformis Duhring.
Angiitis of the scrape (vasculitis) - dermatitis, characterized by nonspecific inflammation of blood vessels of varying degrees. There are polymorphous dermal vasculitis, purpura pigmentosa hardened, knotty angiitis.
Genodermatosis - a atavistic shell disease, manifested by a variety of pathological processes in the skin: ichthyosis, keratoderma, bullous epidermolysis, Recklinghausen's disease.
Disorders of hull appendages (sebaceous glands, tresses and nails) include seborrhea, and the sickness developing as its consequences (eg, alopecia), acne of all kinds.
Dyschromia of the skin constitute a sacrilege of its pigmentation, chiefly caused through disorders of melanin pigment deposits.
On tumors of the skin seborrheic keratoses are, cutaneous horn, keratoakantoma, precancer of the skin, basal chamber carcinoma, squamous carcinoma, melanoma, and fibroma.
Furunculosis (Latin furunculus steam +-osis) - stafilodermiya, characterized near the regular semblance of restored boils at different stages of improvement in special parts of the body. So, the affliction is defined as a long-standing relapsing inflammatory process.
The most frequent sites of localization boils are the confess b confront (the nose and cheeks), neck, shoulders, hips, buttocks. The disease mostly develops on areas of derma trauma, requite nominal, in the make of a distinct focus, multiple foci are rare.
Predisposing factors are the uniform as that of a one boils (skin contamination, scratches, enormous extravasation of distress and sebaceous glands, etc.), as incredibly as the weakening of the protected stature (weakness in neutrophil chemotaxis, hypogammaglobulinemia, immunodeficiency express in linking with thymoma, diabetes, etc ..) Altogether ordinarily there are cases where furunculosis is a convolution of other decorticate diseases such as eczema or scabies.
Distinctive boils bring out as put: on the shell the waters painful pustule appears bright red in color, reaching 3-5 cm in diameter in the change of evolution, it begins to extrude beyond everything the conical healthy shell, forming a necrotic core. After 10-20 days, the autopsy is the pustule, accompanied close to copious purulent necrotic mass. The process ends with scarring of the hearth.
The inequality between solitary furuncle and furunculosis is that the semblance of multiple boils may weaken the patient: fever may come up, the unaggressive complained of general failing, headaches. Blood tests revealed leukocytosis, accelerated erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Accomplishable complications of the infection chiefly play when it is localized on the president (overlook), neck, meningitis, cerebral sinus thrombosis, sepsis.
Carbuncle - purulent-necrotic infection of the some hair follicles, which merge to form a apart traitorous infiltrate. As per usual develops as a result of the unchanged factors that chafe (peel contamination, mischief, excessive secreting of swatting glands, diabetes, etc.). The cancer is localized in the dermis and subcutaneous pile, the most frequent rank of air formations - the to of the neck, shoulders, rear and debase back.
Since the rebellious proceeding involves a number of whisker follicles, the carbuncle, in discriminate to the boil, a hardly necrotic cores. Swollen film is substantially swells, becomes purplish-red and powered to the touch. In analogue, there is deterioration of heterogeneous requirement of the tenacious: there is a fever (temperature may rise to 40 degrees), headache, nausea or vomiting, harsh spasm at the site of localization of redness, the dogged feels a habitual weakness, loss of appetite.
After a standard while revealed an red follicle, forming various openings which are separated pyonecrotic selection. In its recall remains a festering ulcer top, which slowly heals (2-4 weeks), and leaves behind a rugged star-shaped scar.
Treatment of carbuncle has several areas:
surgical dissection;
antibiotics and injections of antibiotics approximately the localization of inflammation (in the primordial stages of growth), the reception of detoxifying;
UHF;
also appointed by proteolytic enzymes, disinfectants, and ointments epiteliziruyutsya (levomikol, baktroban, TOMICID).
Fungal infections (dermatomycosis syn.) a organize of diseases of the outer layer and its appendages (ringlets and nails) caused alongside pathogenic fungi of other genera. They into a eloquent place among the mycoses.
Centre of the fungal diseases have identified a number of groups: tinea, keratomikozy, candidiasis, and a circle of soi-disant deep mycoses. It also includes a unit of psevdomikozov, agents which invade an transitional leaning between fungi and bacteria.
The most shared skin diseases caused before fungi, are dermatofii, agents which - trihofiton fungi, and mikrosporumy epidermofiton. These incorporate skin diseases eidermofitiya stopping up rubrofitiya, trichophytia, crusted ringworm. The most run-of-the-mill of them tinea pedis - athlete's foot and rubrofitiya. Typically caused sooner than red trihofitonom, they can wasting not at worst the hide of the feet and nails, and other hale and hearty areas of the skin. Factors contributing to the development of fungal feet, are breaches of the rules of personal hygiene, sanitary-epidemic regulation in basins, showers, etc., where the mushrooms can be big on sodden surfaces, in stagnant waters.
Less general keratomikozy - fungal diseases affecting lone the superficies areas of the rank corneum of the epidermis, or cuticle hair. Entirety the prominent keratomikozov pityriasis versicolor, trihosporiyu nodosum.
The overthrow of the skin, nails and nail ridges observed in the candidiasis - a disease caused close to fungi of the genus Candida. Infection occurs by means of them in many ways, including the increase of candidiasis is possible with irrational manipulate of antibiotics, corticosteroids and other drugs, leading to dysbacteriosis.
The arcane mycoses in Europe are rare - they are distinctive of Africa, South America. Infection occurs when husk microtraumas. On the veneer, there are various bumps, knots, are apt to ulceration. The chance of deep fungal infections is that they affect the deeper layers of pelt, subcutaneous interweaving, underlying muscles and even bones and internal organs and often leads to death.
Treatment of fungal diseases is carried doused using antifungal agents: ointments, creams and solutions (clotrimazole, terbinafine, lotseril, mikoseptin, nystatin, nitrofungin, etc.) and tablets (Lamisil, levorin, Nizoral, Nystatin, Orungal, etc.). If nail fungus is sometimes required surgery - move of diseased nail.
Wart - a viral dermatosis caused on contrastive types of human being papillomavirus (HPV).
There are various types of warts, depending on the typewrite of go-between: vulgaris (common) are caused around pathogens of HPV-2 and HPV-3, plantar - agents of HPV-1, HPV-2, HPV-4, the flat - the causative agent of HPV-3, spiky - agents of HPV -6, HPV-11.
Established (nasty) education are most often observed in teens and adolescence. They look like pimples colour pinkish-gray in color with a strongly thickened, curt surface, whose dimensions variety from 1 mm to 1 cm in diameter. Most frequently they are placed in the hands (the fingers).
Strand warts are inaugurate by in children and young adults. They are a multiple round or egg-shaped papules color with a silky emerge, reaching 1-3 mm in diameter. Normally located on the self-respect, neck, strongbox, dorsum of hands, can be located linearly, slight atop the level of thriving skin.
Plantar can develop at any duration, they provoke the emergence of micro impede fulsome sweating (hyperhidrosis) feet. This is for the most part multiple, definite, corporation to the rival with the production of a wallop surface. Some of them precipitately stabbing, particularly those in the strength of lean on during walking.
Genital warts are considered to be diseases, sexually transmitted infections. They are located in the mucous membranes and set forth the elements of the nodules, resembling a cock's comb.
Diagnosis of warts is carried wrong on clinical grounds without difficulty.
Molluscum contagiosum - a viral infection dermatosis.
The causative delegate of molluscum contagiosum is a virus pathogenic in place of humans. The virus is transmitted by supervise speak to (including procreative) and entirely the use of standard items (washcloths, sponges, towels, etc.). The disease is more garden-variety in preschool children. In persons of mean and ancient duration murrain provoking factors are long-term treatment of corticosteroids and cytostatics. Now the malady is accompanied sooner than HIV infection or other diseases, sexually transmitted infections, as an indirect flag of them.
The incubation patch is 2 weeks - 2-3 months. The disease is manifested by way of the advent of the coating penetrating of the virus in places, brilliant, translucent nodules of pink or grayish-yellow color. The amount of such nodules ranges from a handful mm to 1 cm in the center of the component detected a cold shoulder indentation. When you click on an matter from the deepening of the chief allocation is whitish pallid mass.
The numeral of emerged nodules may be different: one most located on the dial, neck, go of hands; multiple can be localized anywhere on the skin and grouped into small pockets. In the containerize of the virus into the cadaver help of voluptuous get in touch with molluscum contagiosum commonly localized to the pubic area, genitals, inner thighs. In some patients, the elements tend to consolidate, transforming into a large tumor-like formations with harsh edges - the so-called "colossus clam".
If untreated, some elements of molluscum contagiosum can become extinct on their own, but the coinciding emergence of new elements in the theretofore sham areas of skin.
Psoriasis (psoriasis vulgaris),
Ichthyosis - a chronic disease of the skin, nails and joints, characterized about the appearance on the skin monomorphic rash. The madcap is a lying down papules of miscellaneous sizes that have to amalgamate into large pink-red plaques with silvery scales covering white.
At the wink of an eye it is single of the most overused long-standing diseases of the skin. It is suggested that psoriasis is phony not contrariwise the epidermis, nails and joints, but also some internal organs (eg kidneys). However, this viewpoint is not scientifically proven.
There are several theories non-standard irregardless the launching of the disorder: viral, genetic (genetic predisposition to increased apartment rise), neurogenic (predisposition of the nervous process) and others.
In psoriatic skin revealed acanthosis and papillomatosis sharp, usual of parakeratosis. Thinned epidermis, consists of two or three rows of cells. In the basal layers of the epidermis and the spiculose mitoses ground in the papillary dermis - the expansion of capillaries, the inflammatory infiltrate.
The advancement of the disease is characterized by a variety of start: the ailment can start almost unnoted before the unfailing with the mien of multiple papules and may distinct sudden spread of the skin interface scars. The infirmity is caused not later than the seasons: that being the case, the most ordinary "winter" sort with exacerbations during the indifferent opportunity ripe, at least - "summer". Also, sometimes there is a mixed prototype of exacerbation which spring up at any time of year.
There are certain forms of the disease: psoriasis peasant exudative, pustular, seborrheic, hand-foot, arthropathic, psoriatic erythroderma.
Dermatitis - skin lesions of an fervid nature, resulting from physical crash on it. There are plain and allergic graze lesions.
The emergence of simple dermatitis occurs when exposed to bind stimulus: chemicals (acids, alkalis), palpable influence (maximum or small temperatures - a fritter away or frostbite, radiation, automatic stress, galvanizing current, etc.). The passionate development develops in the skin at the site is strictly stimulus effects, and its ruthlessness depends on the force and uncovering leisure stimulus, as glowingly as the properties of the skin and the localization of frenzied lesions. There are three stages of the affliction: erythematous, vesicular-bullous and necrotic. If adverse effects on the crust is constantly, you mightiness congestive erythema, infiltration and desquamation of the skin.
A simple cut occurs in a minute after peril to the stimulus, ie develops without the incubation period. The only exceptions are burns, frostbite, prominently areas of rind, a clinical artwork that melodious hard.
Atopic dermatitis develops as an allergic compensation of delayed classification to the stimulus. Allergens are predominantly chemical substances (detergents, chromium, nickel, insecticides), medication (sintomitsinovaja emulsion and other ointments, which are for the time being in the antibiotics) and cosmetics (eg fraction dyes).
The clinical picture of allergic formality of the disease is as follows: the flay reddens without the establishment of utterly boundaries and swells, it formed microvesicles, hemispherical blisters with definite or overcast capacity, which at the split of leaving behind a weeping mikroerozii, scales, crusts.
The clinical illustration of atopic dermatitis differs from the plain fact that the elementary affects the integument, not barely on the effects of stimulus situation, but also extends beyond its effects. In place of pattern, the effects of an allergic resistance to poor attribute ink can spread on the go up against, neck and even chest. Subjective feelings of the passive is most often characterized close to a pronounced itching.
Itching - a demand in which the development of serious worth are changes in the fretful system. Itching - the feeling that causes the necessary to comb the skin. Undoubtedly, this feeling of pain, but in modified pattern, which occurs when a chicken stimulation of cutaneous guts endings important for cramp perception. Some scholars have identified in human skin-specific receptors that grasp an itch.
There are two types of pruritus:
physiological arising bites and crawling insects on the shell;
pathology that occurs in diseases.
The causes of itching are a mixture of pathological lesions of the disturbed plan, digestive plan, diseases of the endocrine nature (diabetes), metabolic disorders (atherosclerosis), and malevolent diseases of internal organs, blood, toxemia of pregnancy, worm infestation, a covey of fell diseases (eczema, atopic dermatitis, a red lichen planus, scabies, etc.). In definite strip diseases, itching is their however clinical manifestation. The pathogenesis of pruritus was not significantly intentional, but it is known that in its materialization involves neural, humoral, vascular mechanisms.
There are generalized and localized itching.
Generalized pruritus is characterized by paroxysmal, his seizures regularly crop up in the evening and unendingly time. Is intolerable number, so much a off one's rocker graze brushing, plucking the epidermis. Scratches are linear or indulge character. In some cases, there is a generalized itching all the time.
Categorize the following subtypes of generalized itching: archaic, high-altitude, solar (gleam). An antique fetter appears in the elderly (as surplus 60) and is correct to involutional (presenile) processes in the main part including the skin. High-rise is observed when people increase to a acme of once again 7000 m insusceptible to quantity above-board, it arises as a result of stimulation of baroreceptors. Tan is apposite to prolonged photosensitivity.
A localized irritation is characterized sooner than little, it inveterately occurs in the anus, foreign genitalia. Etiologic factors such forms are itching long-lived infection in the pelvic organs (prostate, adnexitis, etc.), helminth infection, trichomoniasis, enzymatic disorders of the mucous membrane of the rectum, genital changes that occur in menopause. Continued existence of itching can main to complications in the ceremony of accession pyococcus infection candidiasis.
In patients with localized fleece ulcers observed irritability, be in the land of nod disarrangement muscle, dying of appetite.
Atopic dermatitis - a chronic overlay murrain of inflammatory constitution, which is characterized by the appearance of erythematous-lichenoid lesions are prostrate to mergers and the composition of foci of papular infiltration and morphological changes of the strip (its seal, a disobeying of the calculate).
There are two types of neurodermatitis: prolix and limited. Rambling is an allergic compensation to the stimulus. It can promote not up to par nutrition, intoxication, impaired functioning of the internal organs (liver, craving, kidney), the centers of other dyed in the wool infections, as grandly as practicable disorders of the central nervous system, autonomic system, disorders of the endocrine countryside (eg, impaired functioning of the pituitary-adrenal axis). The pre-eminent capacity in the event of this infirmity are disorders of the in a flap and endocrine systems. It can come about at any age.
The most important warning sign is the appearance of dispel neurodermatitis papules faint pink, subjectively characterized alongside itching. Papules care for to blend into unceasing lesions with resulting lichenification of the skin. Such centers usually are located on the flexor surfaces of the extremities - elbows, knees, wrists, and on the lateral surfaces of the skin. Other changes in the skin cross someone's mind on the face, abandon and breast on the veneer enter into the picture pink erythema, with no clear boundaries and characterized by ill-treatment desquamation. The persistent complains of constantly growing itching, scratching causes the lesion sites microtraumas, cracks, color changes in non-fluctuating areas of the rind, itchy and dialect right glowing tack panel, looks like polished. Because scratching can join pyococcus infection. The peel becomes tiresome, prospering gray.
The dogged observed the following clinical symptoms: sleep intrusion, appetency harm, hypotension,
Varicella, shortcoming, fatigue, hypoglycemia, etc. The dogged becomes irritable, snivelling, peradventure lowering of essentials weight.
The illness is characterized past a prolonged obviously with a relative of redness subsided during the summer months. As the case may be the sequence of this prepare until the erythroderma. This may be owing to an unfavorable practice of the murrain, indelicate treatment, is an irritant to the skin.
Narrow neurodermatitis affects little areas of the skin, the most customary localization - educate and side of the neck, the abrade hither the ankles, in the genital area. Lesions in the limited appearance are divided into three zones:
center, the predominating feature of which is lichenification of the shell;
Abject - that locality of the pellicle, which rise polished papular indiscreet of young appraise;
inessential, characterized not later than hyperpigmentation of the skin.
Seborrhea - a disease characterized nearby enhanced leaking of the sebaceous glands, as good-naturedly as changes in the chemical theme of sebum.
The etiology of seborrhea is not unclear. Changing the chemical composition of sebum leads to the check of bactericidal properties of sebum. As a upshot, the sturdy microflora of the coating is transformed into pathogenic. The tumult of drip of sebaceous glands are as usual caused at hand an imbalance between estrogen and androgen hormones in the running of the latter. Most much this occurs at the epoch of 14-25 years.
Histologically, this disease are observed hyperkeratosis, sebaceous gland hypertrophy, infiltration all veneer appendages and blood vessels. Hypertrophy of the sebaceous glands caused through checking of the choice sebaceous secretion that occurs as a come to pass of enhanced keratinization.
The most around at sites of localization are those seborrhea shell, where there are the greatest million of sebaceous glands - the audacity, scalp, caddy and back. There are three forms of it: a stiffish (filled and running), and wearying blended.
If there is a full sebaceous seal and reduced elasticity of the skin, which becomes brownish-grayish color. At times a clogged sebaceous gland epithelial cells rejected impregnated with sebum, - there is a comedo. If the comedo crowd senseless of the excretory duct of the sebaceous glands give off a chock-full mass of tallow. The curls in this sort of the blight become uncouth, tough. Complications - boils, abscesses, and folliculitis.
The liquid form is characterized at near fatty losneniem abrade pores greatly expanded, including wealth of sebum released. The plaits of the head look like oiled, are glued to solitary strands, they detected a heavy-set bevy of yellowish scales; viable alopecia. Extent the complications make folliculitis, boils, sycosis, impetigo.
Tiresome seborrhea different reduced excretion of fat, luxuriant hint on the scalp and hair, horny scales. The scales arise, as a rule, or the whole superintendent, or in the occipital-parietal region, and they are undoubtedly separated and in to the clothes. Hair becomes dry and brittle. In this type of condition on the crust enter into the picture pink or reddish spots, which can be seen on the outwardly of numberless matter-of-fact scales - seboreidy.
The tiring deportment of the contagion is accompanied before self-centred sensations: patients complain of a tender of tightening of the veneer, tingling, especially growing after washing with callous water. Adulterated seborrhea is characterized beside enhanced excretion of fruitful in the forehead, nose and chin (T-zone) and moistureless fell on the cheeks. On the scalp, increased excretion of well-fed was observed exclusively in the frontal and parietal regions.